Acronym Finder

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection of bacterial is the part of the urinary tract affects. When infection of the lower urinary tract to be affected does simple (bladder infection) is called, and when the upper urinary affects to it, prostatitis, pyelonephritis (kidney infection) is said to be.Symptoms related to lower urinary tract are excreted the urine along with the pain, either frequent urination or urge to urine (or both), while the symptoms related to pyelonephritis include fever and flank pain, along with symptoms related to urinary tract infection lower. These symptoms in the elderly, or the very low age may be vague or uncertain. The main factor of both types of this infection, E. coli is, however, very rarely, bacteria. viruses, or fungus may also cause it. Infections of the urinary tract, usually in women than in men, occur more often, because half of the women during their lives, at least to an infection, the sufferer. Re-occurring disease is common. Risk factors include: anatomy, body, women, sexual intercourse and family history. Pyelonephritis in the event of, usually after infection of the bladder appear, but it may be caused by infection, blood-borne as well. Diagnosis of the disease in healthy women, and young only based on the symptoms of possible. In people who have symptoms, it is ambiguous, you may diagnose the condition difficult because it is possible for bacteria to exist, but infection not observed. In complicated cases or if treatment has failed, is urine culture helpful. In people with frequent infections, etc. can be of low-dose antibiotics as a preventive measure. In cases , etc. urinary tract infections can be easily with the consumption of antibiotics in a short period of treatment. although the resistance against many of the antibiotics used for the treatment of this disease is increasing. In complex cases, etc. may be necessary the course of treatment longer are or need to inject antibiotics IV., and in the event that symptoms in the last two or three days to recover? it is necessary diagnostic tests done more. In women, urinary tract infections, the most common form of bacterial infection is, and every year 10% to the amount of urinary tract infections, can be added....

Some kind of cancer that is in melanocytes (cells that of melanin they produce) can be created. This disease can cause skin (melanoma skin), but also in other tissue pigments, such as eyes and intestine, both can be seen....

To the protein, where they are prominent factors, such as inflammation. necrosis, etc. infections of bacterial and viral and malignancy. in plasma and serum the blood of humans and warm-blooded animals the change is). proteins in the acute phase (APP: Acute Phase Proteins")).

in effect, lesions, tissue necrosis, inflammation. infections or cancers, etc. the protein in serum appear or that the amount they change, does this protein, called protein and acute phase (acute phase protein) are called .
of proteins of the acute phase can be to the protein reagent with article thirty (CRP: C - Reactive Protein), the amyloid protein your serum (SAM: Serum Amyloid A), some parts of protein of Complement System, including Factor, (BF: B Factor), components C2, C3 and. C4, C5 C9 noted.
of proteins of the acute phase of the. measure, CRP due to a rapid increase in it in the beginning of the lesion rapid decline it immediately after recovery, the best way to detect lesions tissue .
in 1930 Tilletl francis indicated that if the serum of people suffering from namooni acute have with polysaccharide microbes mixing of sediment particle can be created . This substance, a protein called C-reactive protein for this name).
CRP is able to some bacteria, fungi, etc. parasites and even some of the cells itself, such as bind .
C-reactive protein, electrophoresis in the beta placed . And of 5 sub-units that are connected are composed of CRP in front of battery d endurance . And in the heat of 70 degrees centigrade for 30 minutes, disappears, and the substance of the placenta does not pass, and so far only in human and monkey .
● in diseases, the amount of CRP in the head of CE goes up :
– infections of bacteria
– fever active
– acute myocardial infarction
– cancers, bad, benign, released
– rheumatoid arthritis, active
– viral infections
– Sol
● methods of detection of CRP :
the methods of serology several for the detection of CRP, there is in the old ( C germs could use, but due to the problems in the preparation of this antigen, nowadays, several methods such as in tube cleaning, food, etc. and methods latex agglutination the amount of CRP is to recognize and measure . But between them, latex – agglutination of all of the other .
● test latex agglutination (CRP – Latex Agglutinasition test)
– basis test : This test is based on agglutination of non-activated reversed passive agglutination can be a first antibody specific CRP with the injection of CRP to the animal laboratory such as rabbits, they conceive and then the antibodies are dedicated on behalf of the Fe particles, Poly , Poly stren latex connect thus, when the serum disease, which contains the cRP is to the particle the above can be added, causing agglutination latex particles is the method is very sensitive and depending on the type of kit can be up to a mcg of CRP in a ml of serum, measured .
● , do the test :
each box of test agglutination CRP usually includes the following contents .
1 - jar containing antigen CRP which, in fact, anti – CRP could be that the latex particles is attached, sometimes of particles, color can be used, agglutination clearly visible .
2 - The Glass content of the serum of positive control
3 - The Glass content of the serum negative control
4 - buffer saline PH – 8.2 to dilute and titration of serum of the patient
5 - serum, of temperature, seen the patient at a temperature of 5 degrees centigrade, 30 minutes, complement the non-activated .
before testing the serum of engine testing from the fridge out, and about 15 minutes in a lab environment, and put up to temperature, environment, agree
1 - on a LAM, big, and dark, which is usually associated box testing . A drop of patient's serum heat seen a drop of serum a drop of serum, positive control, and a drop of the serum negative control in the three-point Lam put .
2 - glass, including antigens, gently shake, given up for a solution monotone in comes and then with the eyedropper along on any of the serum, above a drop of the antigen added.
3 - with applicator, wooden, separate each of the serum with the antigen mixture, and the size of the circular diameter of 2.5 cm and on the lam Phan .
4 - Lam in the hand or on The slowly, the rotational motion data and the result of agglutination in the light of a lamp in a certain period that is stated in the brochure has been read in, if the patient's serum containing CRP. agglutination is seen (usually between 25 result, it turns out, will be) in this case, the latex particles to form masses of coarsely sticking together appear what is the latex particles form a monotonic scattered their test result is negative .
– sometimes the amount of CRP in the serum of the patient is high and, consequently, to the cause of the phenomenon, the area may be a serum, a positive error negative report so it is better if CRP were negative before it report with dilution 1:5 test to repeat it .
– patient's serum must be fresh. in the event that you can't same day testing to do 4872 serum in the refrigerator 28 centigrade maintenance. if after 72 you want to with iodine, serum ice, stir, and serum more than once should not be ice world .
– patient's serum should be clear and without any particles .
– Lam, at a temperature of applicable maintenance .
– the slides should be cleaned after each experiment, washed with water, and dry with cotton cloth to see if the effects of soap and other detergents on it be may hinder the knowledge of ANI, gene, and antibodies .
– if the amount of fat in serum and factor serum high . To be false, CRP positive .
– try of the plasma for testing, CRP, do not use, because it is possible available in Al, Apple false latex particles .
– from the serum of temperature, seen for the experiments, use because if a minor amount of Complement System of the serum so it can be create a positive .
● RF test
RF test to determine and Jude factor of patient, rheumatism, is this patient in the group of autoimmune diseases division is. One characteristic of it is that about 80% NATO anti against Insider production are to this antibody, factor say
● since the real cause of the disease, fractional rheumatoid arthritis is not known, but factors cause of disease or its aggravation involved :
1 - factors viral factors viral infections, including the virus EBV, which causes reproduce B lymphocytes appear to be the result, probably, the molecules of IgG, the change has caused
2 - the production of IgG, abnormal : Probably a defect molecule IgG triggers the production of IgG, abnormal, and thus stimulate the immune system against this molecule, and create invoice, is .
3 - people who have the antigen, the consistent histological H2-AD4-D2H - DRH are are more than those who lack this antigen are this disease .
4 - hormonal factors: yen disease in proportion to the 3in 1 of men, especially in the ages of 35 to 45 years of age, the incidence .
5 - factors allergic : nutritional, psychological, may also likened the disease involvement....

Alkaline Phosphatase, an enzyme found in various tissues throughout the body, including the liver, bone, kidneys, intestines and in pairs of pregnant women. This test with other common names like ALK PHOS; Alkp is also called.

ALP is an enzyme that is mainly produced in the liver and bone marrow, and the enzyme is extracted from the intestine, kidney, and pairs.
ALP testing is helpful for diagnosing liver and bone diseases. In cases of mild liver damage, ALP levels may only slightly increase. But in acute liver disease, it can be increased dramatically. As soon as the transition from the acute phase, the serum level suddenly decreases, while the bilirubin will remain high.
Several laboratory tests have been performed to determine liver dysfunction (for example, bilirubin, leucine amino-peptidase (LAP), 5- nucleotidase and gamma glutamyl terep peptidase)
In bone disorders, ALP levels increase due to the activity of osteoblasts (abnormal bone marrow production). In children, finding high levels of ALP prior to puberty is unnatural due to bone growth.

The ALP iso-enzymes are used to differentiate between liver and bone diseases, ALP1 represents hepatotoxicity and bone marrow ALP2.

● Purposes of alkaline phosphatase testing:
Determine if there is a liver or bone disorder
- Compare ALP results with other laboratory tests to confirm your liver or bone disorder.

● The cause of the test request:
For screening or monitoring, treatment for liver or bone disorders is also required as part of the liver routine panel or when a person has symptoms of liver or bone disorders.
This test may also sometimes be used to monitor the treatment of Paget\'s disease or other bone conditions, such as vitamin D deficiency.

● Reference range:
The reference values ​​depend on the measurement method and the test. The normal values ​​are higher in children and pregnant women. In children, the normal values ​​are 2 to 3 times that of adults and peak at puberty.
During very rapid episodes of growth and development, values ​​above U / L1000 may be normal. High levels of alkaline phosphatase in childhood indicate osteoblastic activity and bone growth, and after puberty, the origin of alkaline phosphatase is often liver.
Natural values ​​in adults are approximately 50- 120 U / L. During pregnancy, the natural rate is almost double that amount.
Normal values ​​in mature males are slightly higher than in women. After menopause, normal values ​​are equal or greater than that of men.

● Under what conditions the test will increase:
Increasing ALP levels in the blood is usually caused by liver disease or bone disorders. The levels of this enzyme can be greatly increased, for example in cases where one or more bile ducts have been blocked. Increased levels of this enzyme are found in liver and cirrhosis, using toxic liver and hepatitis drugs. Any condition that results in excess bone formation, including bone diseases such as Paget\'s disease and other diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, and fracture improvement can increase ALP levels. Children and teens typically have higher ALP levels, because their bones are still growing.
Pregnancy can increase ALP levels. With the improvement of fractures, temporary increase is also observed.

● Under what conditions the test is reduced:
If the treatment of a Paget\'s disease is successful, the ALP level decreases or returns to normal. If an individual with bone or liver cancer responds to treatment, the ALP should be reduced.
Low levels of ALP may be seen temporarily after a blood transfusion or post-operative heart surgery. Zinc deficiency may reduce ALP levels. A rare genetic disorder of bone metabolism, called hypophosphatosia, can lead to severe and prolonged levels of ALP levels.
High ALP usually means that either the liver is damaged or conditions that increase the activity of bone marrow cells.
If other liver tests such as bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) are high, ALP is usually from the liver.
If calcium and phosphorus are abnormal, usually ALP is bone. If GGT or 5\'-Nucleotidease is also increased, high ALP is probably due to liver disease.
If either of these two tests is normal, the ALP is high, probably due to bone condition.
If it is not clear from signs and symptoms or from other routine tests that high ALP is due to liver or bone, testing for ALP isoenzymes may need to differentiate between ALP of bone and liver.

● Additional tests:
AST; ALT; GGT; Bilirubin; Liver panel; Bone markers; Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes; Bone specific ALP

Differential Diagnosis:
If the ALP results are increased, but it is unknown whether this is due to liver or bone disease, the first test for testing the ALP isozyme should be done to determine the cause.
GGT testing or 5\'-nucleotide test may also be used to differentiate between liver and bone diseases. GGT levels and 5\'-nucleotide levels increase in liver disease but do not increase bone abnormalities.
Readiness for testing

● Drug Interactions:
Some medications may affect the level of ALP. For example, birth control pills may reduce their levels, while antiepileptic drugs may increase their levels.

● Patient Readiness:
Nighttime fasting is better, but not necessary for this test. Only drinking water is allowed.
This test usually does not require prior preparation....

Lactate dehydrogenase (lactate LD h, or for brief, the LDH or LD) is an enzyme is from the group that in plants, animals and found. Lactate dehydrogenase, the importance of Medical special is because that is widely used in tissue (biology) of the body, including red blood cells and the heart muscles can be found, and when you damage these tissues, lactate dehydrogenase within the blood, can be, and this feature, lactate dehydrogenase, etc. it is an important indicator to identify injuries and diseases common in the body transform.

dehydrogenase (LD h) an enzyme that the hydride (compound of hydrogen) from one molecule to the molecule, pass another. Lactate dehydrogenase reaction, conversion acid (the final product ) to lactic acid, and the reaction conversely, it , so that when the reaction of oxidation-reduction of nicotinamide Di nucleotide (NADH) occurs ((NADH) (NAD ) conversion, and then reverse it occurs.)

the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase from five is formed, including:
lactate dehydrogenase 1 (LDH-1), which is typically at the heart of is available.
lactate dehydrogenase 2 (LDH-2), which is typically in the machine, the alien-Eater, neuron, single-core (Mononuclear phagocyte system) is available.
lactate dehydrogenase 3 (LDH-3), which is typically in the lungs and other tissues is available.
lactate dehydrogenase 4 (LDH-4), which is typically in the kidneys – pair (Anatomy) and the pancreas is available.
lactate dehydrogenase 5 (LDH-5), which is typically in the liver and skeletal muscles is available.
in individuals, the natural and healthy lactate dehydrogenase 2 has the highest percentage of lactate dehydrogenase, total make....

High blood pressure is a very common condition. after colds, and the impact of our wonderful routine, etc. the second reason for referring the patient to outpatient clinics . Too often Subclinical ( under clinical trials ) and lack the main symptom, which is why the Silent killer ( silent killer ) is called .

the blood pressure with the amount of blood that is the heart pumped and the amount of resistance created against the flow of blood to be defined. The more the amount of more blood by the heart to be pumped and the arteries become narrower and tightened, have higher blood pressure.

usually, high blood pressure, after long years, life is created, and finally, almost all of it with Will. Fortunately high blood pressure can be easily detected, and after this that the person found suffer from high blood pressure is Can your physician in order to control its cooperation .

every time your heart beats., the blood within the arteries pump. At this time your blood pressure is at its highest and the pressure or Max can be read.

When your heart - in the interval between two beats - in the rest, placed, etc. your blood pressure comes down to which pressure diastolic, or minimum, say.

high blood pressure i.e. the pressure more than 140, and pressure, diastolic greater than 90.

at an early age, mainly high and, in old age, usually ballast . The importance of high and in a limit .

the prevalence of hypertension in communities is increasing the Risk factor, it is like diabetes, include immobilization and sedentary lifestyle, etc. life style, improper use of Fast food, is that all of these factors cause obesity . Between obesity and high blood pressure there is a direct relationship . Per Kg 3 Weight Loss, blood pressure, mmHg, 5/0, reduced .

4/1 total population with hypertension . In the ages of the top 50-40 2/1 population have high blood pressure . In conclusion, blood pressure is a function of age . In an outbreak of the same, and the function of sex is not . Due to the fact that all the important organs like heart, brain, vision, etc. all affect. of great importance .

After diabetes is the second cause of chronic renal failure. on the other hand, much of the diabetic, high blood pressure. patients are usually low. the patient due to the sense of not disease and no sign of its being so hard to justify can be that medications, end of life, and in time, the exact consumption .

in the blacks outbreaks and further complications . Perhaps because of genetic factors or low levels of life or income necessary for a visit to the doctor and preparation drugs ....

Aspartate trans or AST or SGOT is a enzyme from the group of the conjugation. In fact, trans dependent PLP is mainly in the liver can be found, but some of it also in the kidneys, heart, skeletal muscles, etc. blood red, and the brain is there. Ago from this AST, serum glutamic shemales (SGOT) was said.

the amount of this enzyme in blood is usually slight. The level of AST is usually to check the condition of the liver is measured. This test is usually associated tests such as ALT, alkaline phosphatase, etc., lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and bilirubin be asking. AST is an enzyme that is more in the cells of the liver can be found; the quantities are very less, it is also in kidney, heart, and muscles can be found. In healthy individuals, etc. the level of AST in the blood is low. When the liver is damaged, etc., usually before the symptoms more pronounced liver damage such as jaundice, occur, AST inside the blood stream. It would measure AST and ALT, a test useful to detect liver damage makes....

Restless Leg Syndrome or areal (RLS) disease, restless leg disorder of sleep in which the person with experiencing an unpleasant feeling in the legs and makes it feel numbness, etc. scared, etc., burning, pain and stretch or move insects on the skin describes and the patient to reduce the sense of inevitably is your feet, shake, or pull.

this unpleasant feeling usually in fines, feet happens, but can be anywhere in the lower limb of the ankle taken up the thighs, feel. This feeling usually when that occurs, the patient long takes, or for a long time to arrive. The individual who suffered this mode can be inevitably your feet moving. Move the legs, walking, rubbing or massaging the legs or bend the knees temporarily to some extent the symptoms will reduce and lack of mobility, and relax, cause aggravating symptoms of the disease. These patients usually go to sleep are in trouble, and usually the best sleep at the end of the night and the morning experience. Because these people get enough sleep have never experienced may be sleepy during the day.

sometimes disease, restless leg, along with the movements of the alternating organs during sleep, Periodic Limp Movements in sleep can be seen. Of these patients, for the disposal of sudden movements to the limbs of your mother. These movements, typically every 10 to 60 seconds to occur. Some people hundreds of times during the night, your organs move. These movements not only cause sleep disorder and these people can be, but also caused a sleep disorder, those around them also.

between 5 to 15 percent of the people of the United States, restless legs syndrome are affected. The prevalence of this disorder increases with age.] Restless legs syndrome is more common among women is common. A survey conducted in this regard showed that restless legs syndrome factor a third disorder insomnia in people over 60 years. Children can be restless legs syndrome caught that this phenomenon, in many cases, with hyperactivity or "pain of growth" can be confused....